Paris 1895: For extended biography consult Avenal, G. d', Richelieu et la monarchie absolue (2d ed., 4 vols., Paris 1895) ; Barriere, J. F., Memoirs of the Duke de Richelieu (New York 1904) ; Caillet, J., UAdministration en France sous le ministere du cardinal de Richelieu (new^ed., 2 vols., Paris 1863); Fagniez, G., Le pere Joseph et Richelieu (2 vols., Paris 1894) ; Hanoteaux, G., Histoire du cardinal de Richelieu (Paris 1893) ; Lodge, R., Richelieu (London 1896) ; Martineau, A., Le cardinal de Richelieu (Paris 1865) ; Perkins, J. B., Richelieu and the Growth of the French Power (New York 1900); Topin, M. J. F., Louis XII et Richelieu (Paris 1885).
RAVEL, ra-veT, Maurice Joseph, French composer: b. Ciboure, France, March 7, 1875; d. Paris, Dec. 27, 1937. He began piano lessons when 7 years of age, harmony lessons at 11, entered the Paris Conservatoire at 14, and wrote his first known composition, Serenade grotesque for piano, at 18. His first published composition was Menuet antique, for piano (1895).
These are based upon a very exact knowledge of the processes of building. There are some of singular interest in the work on the discoveries at Pergamon, by Pontremoli and Collignon ('Pergame,' Paris 1900) ; in the kindred work on 'Epidauros' by Def rasse and Lechat, Paris 1895; also in a three-volume book called (La Restauration d'Olympie' by Laloux and Monceaux. In such drawings a building will be shown complete and in use, with figures near it and passing up and down its flights of steps, or seated on its stone benches. |