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Forth Negative Charges: Both the vacuum tube and the transistor need a flow of electrical charges to operate. In the vacuum tube, the filament —a hot, glowing wire—spews forth negative charges into its evacuated enclosure. In semiconductor devices, however, both negative and positive charges are produced within the crystalline structure of a solid without heating.The reaction in this case is CuO + H2 = Cu + H2O. According to modern theory, water exists in four resonance states, the most common of which is represented by this structure: :O :H. The angle between the two hydrogen atoms is approximately 105°. Thus, there is a separation of positive and negative charges so that the water molecule is polar or like a little bar magnet, oxygen being the negative end and hydrogen the positive end of the dipole. Water, therefore, has a high dielectric constant, about 81 at 18° C. and is a good solvent for ionic compounds, such as acids, bases, and salts.
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