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Constitutional History: In 1913 he was United States circuit judge. Rogers was actively engaged in the work of the Methodist Church and sought the advancement of legal education, prison reform and the furtherance of peace. He wrote 'Illinois Citations' (1881) ; 'Expert Testimony* (1883), and 'Introduction to Constitutional History as seen in American Law* (1889).Constitutional provisions concerning individual rights and liberties are supplemented by federal and state statutes, but except in the area of racial discrimination these laws do not significantly add to the basic constitutional scheme. This scheme has been developed from the words of the Constitution itself by judicial decision. In the United States, but not in some other liberal democratic countries, the written Constitution is legally binding on the legislature, and a court will invalidate an improper legislative act if that act comes before it in a case. Because the words of the Constitution are short and simple, the courts, and particularly the Supreme Court of the United States, must decide how they apply to a variety of circumstances, and the body of constitutional law that has grown up is to be found by examining Supreme Court cases.
In the spring of 1794, when power became more concentrated in the Committee of Public Safety, leaders of rival Jacobin factions were arrested and executed. Under a new law passed in June 1794, the terror was intensified ; within six weeks more victims were guillotined than in the preceding year. Robespierre had now become the personification of the Terror. When his rivals secured his arrest and execution, the Terror ended and the convention moved toward establishing a constitutional regime. See also FRANCE—29. History: The Revolutionary Era, 1789-1815 (War, the Republic, and the Terror). |
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